Second Law of Thermodynamics Learning Goal: To understand the implications of the second law of thermodynamics…
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Question “Second Law of Thermodynamics Learning Goal: To understand the implications of the second law of thermodynamics…”
Second Law of
Thermodynamics
Learning Goal:
To understand the implications of the
second law of thermodynamics.
The second law of thermodynamics
explains the direction in which the thermodynamic processes
tend to go. That is, it limits the types of final states of the
system that naturally evolve from a given initial state. The second
law has many practical applications. For example it explains the
limits of efficiency for heat engines and refrigerators. To develop
a better understanding of this law, try these conceptual
questions.
Part A
The thermodynamic processes that occur in
nature ____________.
The thermodynamic processes that occur in nature ____________.
convert thermal energy into mechanical
energy
lead to a more ordered state
cannot be reversed
do not conserve energy
Part B
According to the second law of
thermodynamics, it is impossible for ____________.
According to the second law of thermodynamics, it is impossible for
____________.
heat energy to flow from a colder body to
a hotter body
an ideal heat engine to have the
efficiency of 99%
an ideal heat engine to have non-zero
power.
a physical process to yield more energy
than what is put in
Part C
If the coefficient of performance of a
refrigerator is 1, which the following statements is true?
If the coefficient of performance of a refrigerator is 1, which the
following statements is true?
The temperature outside equals the
temperature inside of the refrigerator.
The rate at which heat is removed from the
inside equals the rate at which heat is delivered
outside.
The power consumed by the refrigerator
equals the rate at which heat is removed from the
inside.
The power consumed by the refrigerator
equals the rate at which heat is delivered to the outside.
Part D
To increase the efficiency of an ideal
heat engine, one must increase which of the following?
To increase the efficiency of an ideal heat engine, one must
increase which of the following?
the amount of heat consumed per
second
the temperature of the cold
reservoir
the temperature of the hot
reservoir
the size of the cold reservoir
the size of the hot reservoir
Part E
How would you increase the coefficient of
performance of an ideal refrigerator?
How would you increase the coefficient of performance of an ideal
refrigerator?
Increase the mechanical work
input.
Decrease the outside
temperature.
Decrease the inside
temperature.
Increase the outside temperature.
Part F
Why must every heat engine have a cold
reservoir?
Why must every heat engine have a cold reservoir?
Because it is impossible for even a
perfect engine to convert heat entirely into mechanical
work.
Because the cold reservoir keeps the
engine from overheating.
Because the cold reservoir keeps the
engine from overcooling.
Because the cold reservoir increases the
power of the engine.
Answer
Concepts and Reason
Second law of thermodynamics is the necessary concept to solve the problem.
Find the right option by using the second law of thermodynamics.
Fundamentals
Second law in thermodynamics: This states that total entropy may remain uniform in ideal situations where the system is stable.
(A)
A thermodynamic process converts heat energy into mechanical energy, and some heat is released into the environment.
The total heat energy is not converted during the heat energy conversion to the mechanical energy. There will always be some energy lost to the environment. The thermodynamic process conserves all energy.
Nature’s thermodynamic process is irreversible and cannot be reversed.
(B)
The second law of thermodynamics states that it is possible to transfer heat from a colder body to a hotter body by itself, without any external assistance. There is no ideal heat engine that achieves a high efficiency of more than 90%. It is impossible to produce more heat than you put in, according to the law of conservation.
(C)
The refrigerator’s coefficient of performance is.
Q C indicates the heat that was removed from the cold reservoir, and W signifies the work performed.
Substitute
to W.
Here, TC stands for temperature of cold body. TH is temperature of cold bodies. QH is heat supplied to hot reservoir.
Substitute 1 to COP
This means that the heat extracted from the interior is equal to the power used by the refrigerator.
(D)
A heat engine’s efficiency is.
According to the equation, in order to increase the efficiency a heat engine, either temperature of cold reservoir will decrease or temperature of hot reservoir will increase.
(E)
The refrigerator’s coefficient of performance is.
Q C indicates the heat that was removed from the cold reservoir, and W signifies the work performed.
Substitute
to W.
Here, TC stands for temperature of cold body. TH is temperature of cold bodies. QH is heat supplied to hot reservoir.
To increase the value COP, the T value will be decreased.
(F)
The heat engine cannot convert all heat energy into mechanical energy. Because heat cannot be converted completely into mechanical work, even the best engine can’t.
Ans Part A
It is impossible to reverse the thermodynamic process as it occurs in nature.
Conclusion
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